In my experience, topical estrogen has consistently shown benefits in reducing recurrent UTIs among postmenopausal women, likely by directly enhancing the vaginal microenvironment. Some recent trials, albeit small-scale, indicate that the topical approach minimizes systemic effects while effectively replenishing the local estrogen deficit. I’m curious about the emerging data on probiotics and other flora-restoration methods, but until larger studies validate their efficacy, I’d lean on topical estrogen as the primary tactic.